Introduction to thermodynamic and fluid-mechanical processes
Theory global objectives
Introduction to thermodynamic and fluid-mechanical processes
Theory subject (Contents)
PART I: THERMODYNAMICS
1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMICS
1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 1.1.1 Thermodynamic System: Basic Concepts; 1.1.2 Energy Exchange between Systems: Heat and Work; 1.1.3 Temperature: thermometers and temperature scales; 1.1.4 Postulate of State: Perfect Gas and simple systems; 1.1.5 Internal energy ; 1.1.6 Conservation of Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics, Heat 1.1.6 Volume processes or constant pressure, enthalpy, 11.7 Heat coefficients
1.2 ENTROPY: THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 1.2.1 Reversible and Irreversible Processes: Maximum Likelihood Principle, Definition 1.2.2 Microscopic entropy, second law of thermodynamics, heat and entropy balance 1.2.3: Redefining the temperature, 1.2.4 Entropy Change in a reversible process 1.2.5 Entropy change in irreversible processes, reversible processes 1.2.6 Analysis of a perfect gas; 1.2.7 Clausius Inequality and Energy Degradation
1.3 Heat Engines and Refrigerators: Carnot cycle 1.3.1 Heat Engines (power cycles): Performance; 1.3.2 Refrigerators (Reverse Cycle): Effectiveness; 1.3.3 Consequences of the Second Principle: Kelvin-Planck Statement; 1.3.4 Consequences of the Second Law: Statement of Clausius; 1.3.5 Carnot Cycle: Carnot engine and refrigerator; 1.3.6 Performance and Efficiency of Carnot Cycle, Carnot Theorem 1.3.7
2. CYCLE OF POWER AND COOLING WITH GAS
2.1 INTERNAL COMBUSTION CYCLES: OTTO AND DIESEL CYCLES 2.1.1 Types of engines: Combustion; 2.1.2 Perfect gas with variable coefficients: Standard Air Tables and use; 2.1.3 Explosion Engines: Otto cycle; 2.1.3 Compression Ignition Engines: Diesel Cycle; 2.1.4 Dual cycle
2.2 EXTERNAL COMBUSTION CYCLES: STIRLING AND BRAYTON CYCLES 2.2.1 Stirling Cycle , 2.2.2 Gas Turbines: Cycle Brayton; real Effectiveness 2.2.3 Turbines and Compressors; 2.2.4 Brayton Refrigeration Cycle
3. POWER AND COOLING SYSTEMS WITH STEAM
3.1 system with several phases or components: SURFACES PVT 3.1.1 Systems with multiple phases or components: Chemical Potential, 3.1.2 Interaction and material balance, 3.1.3 Balancing Change and phases: Diagram PT, PVT Surfaces 3.1.4; 3.1.5 Properties of common substances: Using Tables
3.2 POWER CYCLE WITH STEAM RANKINE CYCLES 3.2.1 steam engines and power plants: Rankine cycle; 3.2.2 Performance of the ideal Rankine cycle, Rankine Cycle Performance 3.2.3 royal 3.2.4 Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat
3.3 REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH STEAM 3.3.1 Compression Cooling: heat pump; 3.3.2 Effectiveness of a compression refrigeration system, 3.3.3 Air Conditioning. Psychrometry (optional)
PART II: MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
4. KINETIC CONCEPTS AND FLUID
4.1 CONCEPT OF FLUID: EFFORTS ON FLUID AND VISCOSITY 4.1.1 Molecular structure of matter; 4.1.2 Structure of solids, liquids and gases, Fluid Concept 4.1.3, 4.1.4 Types of fluid forces on: City of effort; 4.1.5 Fluid at Rest and in Motion: Pressure and Viscosity
4.2 MOTION OF FLUID PARTICLES 4.2.1 Materials Systems: Lagrangian description, 4.2.2 Description of Euler 4.2.3 Movement Visualization: Trajectories and streamlines
4.3 MOTION AND DEFORMATION OF FLUID TYPES OF FLOW Directionality and dimensionality 4.3.1, 4.3.2 speed near a point; 4.3.3 Translating; 4.3.4 Rotation: rotational and irrotational flows; 4.3.5 Expansion: compressible and incompressible flows; 4.3.6 Deflection angle: Flow viscous
5. FLUID DYNAMICS: INTEGRAL FORM
THEOREM 5.1 TRANSPORTATION AND CONTINUITY EQUATION Differential and Integral Methods 5.1.1, 5.1.2 Basic equations for a material control volume; 5.1.3 arbitrary control volume: Transport Theorem, 5.1.4 Conservation of Mass: Integral equation of continuity; 5.1.5 Case Study a uniform and steady flow
5.2 COMPREHENSIVE ENERGY EQUATION 5.2.1 Conservation of Energy: Energy Integral equation; 5.2.2 Special case of a uniform and steady flow; 5.2.3 Generalized Bernoulli equation: Pressure Drop; 5.2.4 Analysis of turbines and compressors; 5.2.5 Analysis of nozzles, diffusers and throttling device
5.3 INTEGRAL EQUATION OF LINEAR TIME 5.3.1 Conservation of momentum: Equation of momentum; 5.3.2 Case Study of a uniform and steady flow; 5.3.3 Fluids and propeller drive systems, turbines, ...
6 SIMILARITY AND dimensionless numbers: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FLOWS
6.1 SIMILARITY AND dimensionless numbers
6.1.1 Differential Equation of momentum: Equation of Cauchy; 6.1.2 Newtonian flow and Navier-Stokes equation: Some solutions; 6.1.3 Simulation Experiments: Similarity and Dimensionless Numbers, 6.1.4 Extrapolation of results: Limitations and other strategies ;
6.2 FLOW EXTERNAL AERODYNAMICS
6.2.1 Drag and Lift; 6.2.2 Introduction to the concept of boundary layer; 6.2.3 Development of the forces of drag and lift; 6.2.4 Calculation of drag and lift
6.3. INTERNAL FLOW IN DUCTS AND CANALS
6.3.1 energy level lines: rates drop; 6.3.2 Calculation of pressure loss due to friction with the wall; 6.3.3 Calculation of singular head loss (or local); 6.3.4 Pipeline Systems: Pipeline Serial and parallel to the flow 6.3.5 Introduction
Practice global objectives
Reinforce related concepts and initiation to the experimental study
Practices
01 Thermal expansion 02 Perfect Gases 03 Thermal insulation 04 Solar Collector 05 Hot Air Motor 06 Heat Pump 07 Fall Viscometer 08 Wind Tunnel 09 Resistance to flow 10 Losses in pipes
Teaching method
Classroom lectures and exercises Laboratory experiments Guided Works
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